Apparatus for fluidic support

ABSTRACT

A fluidic support device is described that counteracts the gravitational bending moment present in a substrate tube during a modified chemical vapor deposition preform fabrication process. Hence, use of this device results in the production of a straight optical fiber preform. The device includes a hemicylindrical annulus section in close proximity to the portion of the substrate tube to be supported, and uses flowing fluid to offset gravity and to center the substrate tube. Gaseous use of the device increases and stabilizes the thermophoretic force without contact by either solid or liquid materials, avoiding any reduction in strength of the finished fiber.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to new and improved methods of and apparatus forfluidic support. In particular, this invention relates to new andimproved methods of and apparatus for (1) counteracting thegravitational bending moment present in a substrate tube during amodified chemical vapor deposition preform fabrication process, and (2)improved cooling of the substrate tube to increase the thermophoreticforce gradient. Hence, use of the methods and apparatus of thisinvention results in a straight optical fiber preform, with greaterdeposition efficiency.

2. Description of the Prior Art

The modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) process used to produceoptical fibers utilizes a quartz substrate tube that is mounted in aglass working lathe. The substrate tube is chucked at one end and issupported by graphite vee blocks or nylon or Teflon rollers at theopposite end. The substrate tube is then heated at the chucked end andstraightened to the center line of the lathe. A larger tube is insertedin another chuck and sealed to the substrate tube. The supports are nowremoved.

A torch assembly is mounted on a fire carriage that traverses the lengthof the lathe bed that heats the exterior of the substrate tube. Eachtraversal commences at the portion of the tube closest to the chemicalinput end, and is termed a pass. The heat that is produced by the torchassembly is required to cause the chemicals on the interior of the tubeto react, and also to fuse or sinter the glass particles that aredeposited on the inner wall of the tube. Temperatures up to 2100° C. areattained during the course of the process, well above the softeningpoint (1813° C.) of fused quartz. The MCVD process typically requiresover 60 torch passes and eight to twelve hours to complete. The tube isrotated during the process to maintain circular symmetry, but thisrotation does not provide any force to center the tube. On the contrary,in fact, rotation causes any existing eccentricity to increase becauseof centrifugal force.

Disadvantageously, the sagging of a rotating quartz tube occurs at theextreme ends thereof, especially the end at which the heating isinitiated. Such sagging is the result of the gravitational bendingmoment and small deviations normally present in the tube.

The heat zone produced by the torch assembly is located between the twosupporting chucks for the quartz tube. When the substrate tube is heatedabove the softening point at either end, the effect of the nearestsupporting chuck is negated, while the bending moment is the greatest.Since so many passes are performed, the problem increases with eachpass, and results in a wavy or eccentric preform. The eccentricity alsocauses asymmetric heating, compounding the problems of temperaturecontrol and noncircularity of the deposited material. The waviness ofthe preform reduces the yield of the preform in either the depositionprocess or the draw process. Noncircular deposition leads to cores thatare not concentric with the outside of the cladding, and may haveunacceptable, out-of-tolerance dimensions.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,263,032, issued Apr. 21, 1981 to Sinclair et al., andU.S. Pat. No. 4,302,230, issued Nov. 24, 1981 to MacChesney et al.,relate to making optical fiber preforms more expeditiously by enhancingthe thermophoretic deposition force. The '032 patent suggests a fluidstream as a cooling means. The '230 patent suggests water for cooling.Disadvantageously, the '230 patent prefers de-ionized water in order toavoid introduction of contaminants which may contribute to a lowering ofthe strength of the resultant fiber.

Direct physical support of a glass surface by a material in contact withit causes problems by introducing defects and contamination into thesurface of the preform. Unfortunately, there appears to be no materialknown that can resist the temperatures involved and not damage thesurface of the preform by scratching or contamination. As is wellrecognized, brittle materials such as silica glass are stronglydependant on the integrity of the surface for strength, with anessentially perfect surface required to retain the intrinsic highstrength. It is well known that physical contact of a glass surface by asolid object will leave defects in the surface that are difficult toheal, and sometimes particles will be left behind, generating a lowstrength site for future failure. A defect can readily reduce thestrength of glass fiber after drawing by two orders of magnitude. Inaddition, any particle present on the preform surface will have its sizemagnified, relative to the fiber, during the drawing process, thuscreating a larger defect, and a probable low strength failure point.

Liquids can be considered for a coolant to aid in the thermophoreticforce as indicated in the patent of MacChesney, but the addition of acooling water stream to the apparatus is difficult. In addition, thewater must be of very high quality, such as freshly deionized ordistilled, to avoid leaving any residue that will act to harm thesurface.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One object of this invention is to provide a new and improved fluidbearing for offsetting the bending moment induced by gravity in aheated, quartz substrate tube.

Still another object of this invention is to provide a new and improvedmethod of and apparatus for fluidicly supporting a substrate on acushion of flowing high-pressure fluid.

Yet another object of this invention is to provide for a new andimproved method of and apparatus for supporting a heated quartzsubstrate tube to thereby produce extremely straight preforms whichenhance the flame control for producing more uniform core layerstherefor.

Still yet another object of this invention is to provide for a new andimproved air-bearing which acts to cool a heated glass substrate,increasing the temperature gradient thereof to thereby enhance the rateand uniformity of the deposition process.

Through the practice of this invention, the preform can be supportedwithout any solid or deleterious material in contact therewith. Thus,the strength of a produced fiber is not weakened due to the introductionof defects and the presence of foreign matter.

In accordance with one aspect of this invention, a fluid bearingincludes a structure having a hemicylindrical concave upper surface witha radially extending recess formed therein so that radially extendingend walls are formed at axial ends of the recess. The concave uppersurface has a plurality of radially disposed and symmetrically arrangedorifices oriented along the recess. Gas is applied to the orificesinterior to the structure. In accordance with certain features of theinvention, radially inward directed walls are provided axially along therecess. The structure can be formed of any suitable machinable material,and aluminum has been found acceptable.

In accordance with still yet another aspect of the invention, a methodof inhibiting bending of a horizontally oriented cylindrical quartzsubstrate tube while it is rotated about its principal axis and while atorch assembly is traversed axially in proximity to the tube to heat thetube to produce an optical fiber preform, includes directing fluidradially toward the tube. The directing of the fluid is performed in thevicinity of the torch assembly, but isolated or insulated therefrom.

The invention enhances the thermophoretic effect for depositingparticulate material on appropriate substrates during fiber fabricationprocessing.

Thermophoresis is an effect which introduces force that directs small,gas borne particles from a relatively hotter region to a relativelycooler regions; in this case the latter is the substrate upon which theydeposit. Enhancement of this effect, which results in movement of theparticles from hotter to cooler regions, will yield increased depositionrates. In this invention, cooling with an appropriate fluid, such asair, is used to lower the temperature of the substrate upon which thedeposition occurs, thereby increasing the thermal gradient to which theparticles are exposed, and improving the deposition efficiency, rate anduniformity.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other objects, advantages, and features of this invention, together withits construction and mode of operation, will become more apparent fromthe following description, when read in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view showing a rotating quartz tube and atraversing burner, together with two sets of fluid bearings, one forwardand one aft of the burner in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 2 is a view taken along the line 2--2 of FIG. 1, showing a sideview of a fluidic bearing in accordance with this invention;

FIG. 3a is a cross-sectional view of a fluidic bearing in accordancewith one embodiment of this invention, taken along the line 3--3 of FIG.1;

FIG. 3b is a view of another embodiment of a fluidic bearing, takenalong the line 3--3 of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a view of a fluidic bearing in accordance with this invention,viewed along the direction 4--4 of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4a is a section of the fluidic bearing depicted in FIG. 4 takenalong the line A--A thereof;

FIGS. 5a and 5b are top and side views, respectively, of a fluidicinsert adapted to be inserted into the assembly depicted in FIG. 4; and

FIGS. 6a, 6b, and 6c are top, front, and side views, respectively, ofthe air support device depicted in FIG. 4.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Prior to this invention, it was noted that as a quartz tube is rotatedand heated during a modified chemical vapor deposition process, ittended to sag, especially at the end when the chemicals enter. It wasfurther noted that rotation of the tube appeared to have but a meremarginal effect on the sagging. The sag appeared to be caused by atemperature instability, natural bending moment, normal variations inthe straightness of the tube, and the set-up procedure.

After a quartz tube had been properly straightened and mounted andtemperature overshoot was under control, the only remaining concern wasan actual bending moment of the tube. Rotation of the tube did notcompletely overcome it.

It was noted that a one meter length quartz tube, supported at one end,had a tendency to sag one to two millimeters due to gravity. Even whenthe quartz tube was supported at both ends, it was noted that heatingthe tube to a temperature approaching the softening point of the quartzallows the tube plastically or viscously to deform where it is heated,permitting it to sag. This sagging occurred at the input side of thetube, effectively negating the second support to the tube.

Referring to the drawings, there is shown a support device for thequartz tube. Broadly, the support is termed a fluidic support, andspecifically could be referred to as a pneumodynamic preform supportdevice.

Referring to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a block diagram of theinvention wherein there is depicted a quartz substrate tube 11, which isrotated about its central axis by a chuck 12. The length of thesubstrate tube 11 can be a meter, for example, 1.1 meters, or otherconvenient length. The tube 11 is heated along its length by atraversing torch assembly or burner 13. As is indicated above, as theprior art, such traversing burner heats the tube 11 so that the glassparticles that are deposited on its inner wall fuse or sinter. On bothsides of the burner 13 are fluidic bearings 14, 16. The bearing 14 islocated in front of the burner 13; the bearing 16 is located aft of theburner 13. The gaseous bearings 14 and 16 can be identical, or they canbe similar. In certain cases, it may be desirable solely to have theforward bearing 14 by itself with the burner 13, and to not utilize anaft bearing 16.

As viewed in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 3a, a fluidic support 16includes at least one metal block, each with a hemicylindrical groove(not shown in FIG. 3a) and internal gas passages 17L, 18L, 19L, 17R,18R, 19R and 21 that form the bearing 16. A set of four bearings 16, forexample, is mounted on each side of the burner 13, so that eachcorresponding side of the tube 11 is supported. As indicated above, itis possible that only one side of the tube 11 need be supported withoutthe other, in accordance with the teachings of this invention. Thespacing between the blocks or sets of bearings 14 or 16 is not critical,and a convenient distance of 150 millimeters has been chosen for oneembodiment and has been found to be effective. Those sets of bearings14, 16 are on adjustable mounts attached to the fire carriage or burner13, permitting the spacing between the hemicylindrical surface of thebearings 14, 16 and the substrate tube 11 to be adjusted to desireddesign considerations.

A bearing 14 or 16, if desired, can be mounted on an air-poweredcylinder (not shown) that can raise the bearing 14 or 16 from a lowerinoperative position to an operative position in association with thesubstrate tube 11. For most of the horizontal traverse, the air cylindercan then subsequently lower the bearing 14 or 16 if such bearing is in acontentious position to permit the flame burner 13 to complete itstraverse, such as when the dust catcher tube is approached. Anappropriate positioning sensing mechanism can cause automatic retractionof such an air powered cylinder when the appropriate bearing 14 or 16approaches the end of the traverse, and can cause raising of suchbearing when it can usefully support the substrate tube 11. If desired,the remaining bearing 16 or 14 can remain unretracted during the courseof a run.

High pressure fluid can enter a common passageway 22 in the bearing 16,such fluid exiting from the orifices 17L, 18L, 19L, 17R, 18R, 19R, 21into a recessed area 23 on a hemicylindrical surface of the bearing 16.The combination of the orifices 17L, 18L, 19L, 17R, 18R, 19R, 21 andrecessed area 23 is effective to both lift and center the substrate tube11.

A preferred fluid for operation of the quartz substrate tube fluidicsupport device is nitrogen which has been boiled off from a liquidsupply. However, it is believed that any source of clean fluid, such asair, is equally suitable.

The flow of fluid can be adjusted to provide the amount of lift that thesubstrate tube 11 requires at its worst case end. The design of thisinvention is such that the lifting force of the fluidic bearingdecreases as the substrate tube 11 rises, thereby providing a stablebehavior.

In lieu of the hemicylindrical design as depicted in FIG. 3a, a completecylindrical design can be provided as indicated in FIG. 3b, wherein anupper half bearing 16a and a lower half bearing 16b are abutted togetherto permit opening for installation of the tube 11.

The air-bearing or fluid bearing can, for example, include a pluralityof housings 31, 32, 33, 34 as depicted in FIG. 4. The housings 31, 32,33, 34, as depicted in FIGS. 4 and 4a, are held together by suitablemeans, as by a bolt 36. The housings 31, 32, 33, 34 can contain amanifold 37 therein to provide air along orifices 41, 42, 43, 44 whichare radially disposed from the manifold 37 and directed in an outwardlydirection. Orifices 41 are radially disposed from the manifold 37 alongequal paths and are directed along seven spokes towards orifices on asemiannulus 51 as depicted in FIG. 4. The semiannulus 51 includes aradially directed groove 52 therein, so as to provide for radiallyextending end walls 53, 54. The semiannulus 51 has a hemicylindricalconcave upper surface 56 with a radially extending groove 52 formedtherein. The concave upper surface 56 has a plurality of radiallydisposed orifices 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67 oriented along the groove52. The orifices 61-67 are oriented symmetrically about the center ofthe semiannulus 51.

In the embodiments preferred by the inventors hereof, the orifice 61 isthe same size as the orifice 62, and the orifice 67 is the same size asthe orifice 66. As expressed herein that various orifices diminish insize as they are further displaced from the largest orifice, it is meantto include the situation where not only are the various orificesactually diminishing in size as they are further displaced from thelargest orifice, but to also include the situation where they may be thesame size as an adjacent orifice, such as the preferred embodimentherein expressed wherein the orifices 61 and 62 are the same size andthe orifices 66 and 67 are the same size. It is noted that both orifices61, 62, and 66, 67 are diminished in size from that of the largestorifice 64 and, of course, they are further smaller than the orifices 63and 65.

It is noted, however, that the relative sizes of the orifices 61-67 arenot critical. Desirably, the orifices 61, 62, 63 should correspond insize to the orifices 67, 66, 65, respectively for symmetrical balance.

In accordance with one embodiment constructed by the inventors, thecentral orifice 64 had a diameter of 1.0 mm, the orifices 63 and 65 eachhad a diameter of 0.8 mm, and the remaining orifices 61, 62, 66, 67 eachhad a diameter of 0.5 mm. The bearing 16 was located approximately onemillimeter from the bearing surface of the tube 11. It was noted thatwith both bearings 14, 16 having 60 pounds per square inch of pressureof nitrogen applied thereto, a 0.5 millimeter lift was observed in thequartz substrate tube 11.

In summary, there are two mechanisms for the support of the substratetube. One is the kinetic energy of the air jet impinging upon the tube.The other is the bouyancy created by the larger cushion of air on thehollowed out recesses of the bearing. The relative importance of the twois not known, but is believed to be design dependent. The lattermechanism is believed to be more effective in the present design.

It is noted that this advantageous invention yields straight uniformpreforms for use in making glass fibers, thereby resulting in a higherquality fiber with better geometry of the glass core and cladding. Morepreforms are completed by avoiding aborting a deposition run because ofexcessive eccentricity causing operating difficulty. The entry taper ofdeposited material within the quartz substrate tube is reduced and isestablished as a controlled length, thereby increasing preform yield andthe geometry of the resulting fiber. The drawing of fiber is simplified,since a straight preform can be drawn to better fiber tolerances than acurved one, and the difficulty in centering such preform in the furnaceis avoided.

The choice between dynamic support by the high velocity jets and themore static support by the larger cushion over the recess stronglyaffects the cooling that enhances the thermophoretic force ofparticulate deposition. Small orifices, with high velocity, dramaticallyimprove the heat transfer by a process known as impingement cooling. Itis well recognized in heat transfer that small, high velocity jetsimprove the exchange of heat by reducing the boundary layer adjacent tothe surface to be cooled, thereby increasing the rate of heat transfer.By this increased cooling, the temperature of the tube wall is reduced,thereby increasing the temperature gradient inside the tube, and thethermopheretic force.

What is claimed is:
 1. A fluid bearing comprising a structure having ahemicylindrical concave upper surface with solely one radially extendingrecess formed therein so that solely one radially extending end wall isformed at each axial end of said recess;said concave upper surfacehaving a plurality of radially disposed orifices oriented along saidrecess, said orifices being symmetrically disposed therealong; and meansfor applying fluid to said orifices interior to said structure.
 2. Thefluid bearing as recited in claim 1 further comprising means forproviding radially inward directed walls axially along said recess. 3.The fluid bearing as recited in claim 2 wherein said structure is formedof a machinable material.
 4. The fluid bearing as recited in claim 1wherein a central axis of each of said orifices lies in a common plane.5. The fluid bearing as recited in claim 1 wherein one of said orificesis the largest of said plurality of orifices, and other remainingorifices diminish in size as they are further displaced from saidlargest orifice.
 6. In combination, a plurality of fluid bearings asrecited in claim 1 being aligned with said hemicylindrical concave uppersurfaces along a common axis.
 7. A fluid bearing comprising;ahemicylindrical annulus of solid material having solely one radiallyextending recess formed therein whereby solely one radially extendingend wall is formed at each axial end of said semiannulus;saidsemiannulus having a plurality of radially disposed orifices orientedalong said recess; and means for applying fluid to said orifices along aconvex portion of said semiannulus so that fluid passes through saidorifices to a concave portion of said semiannulus.
 8. The fluid bearingas recited in claim 7 wherein a central axis of each of said orificeslies in a common plane.
 9. The fluid bearing as recited in claim 7further comprising means for supporting said semiannulus so that saidconcave portion of said semiannulus is disposed in an upper direction.10. The bearing as recited in claim 7 further comprising means forproviding radially inward directed walls axially along said recess. 11.The fluid bearing as recited in claim 7 wherein said semiannulus has anorifice centrally located along said recess being the largest, and theremaining orifices diminishing in size as they are further displacedfrom said largest orifice.